Who isn’t annoyed by the news that constantly recurs in the global media, repeating itself to the point of exhaustion, with only a few topics receiving focused attention? Does this pose a threat to Democracy? This article discusses the agenda-setting theory, which contends that the media instructs us on what topics to consider rather than what ideas to pursue. In fact, media organisations’ and the media ecosystem’s larger underlying ideologies or prejudices can be reflected in the restricted coverage and recurrence of particular themes. Are we living in a Democracy or in a Mediocracy? Numerous elements have a role in this phenomenon:
Editorial Bias:The editorial position of the media outlet, which can be impacted by political, cultural, or economic prejudices, has an impact on decisions regarding which news stories are covered and how they are presented. This may result in an emphasis on specific themes or storylines that suit the values and interests of the medium or its audience.
Economic Pressures: Because they have to make money, media corporations tend to give priority to stories that they think would draw in the greatest number of readers, viewers, or listeners. The emphasis on dramatic or conflict-driven news at the cost of other significant but somewhat less instantly attractive topics might result from this economic pressure.
Cultural Hegemony: News coverage may be considered within the umbrella of the idea of cultural hegemony, which is the perpetuation of the values of the dominant culture in society. By concentrating on topics that appeal to their main audiences, media from nations with substantial worldwide influence (such as the United States or several European countries) frequently sets the tone for international news and shapes the agenda for news coverage worldwide.
Access and Resources: Significant resources are needed to cover worldwide news, such as interpreters and foreign reporters. There may be disparities in coverage around the globe as a result of media outlets focusing on regions where they have more access to resources.
Echo Chamber Effect: The abundance of information sources in today’s digital media environment hasn’t always translated into a more diverse range of news coverage. Instead, echo chambers are frequently produced by social media algorithms, where users are given content that confirms their own opinions and interests, reinforcing the coverage’s constrained reach.
Both media outlets and readers must work together to increase the variety of news coverage. Media organisations should make an effort to invest in reporting on a greater range of issues and to expand their coverage internationally. By looking for and interacting with news sources that present a variety of viewpoints and coverage of underreported areas and subjects, consumers may help to encourage this. Initiatives that support media literacy can also assist viewers in assessing news sources critically and stimulate the desire for thorough and diversified news coverage.
Global news coverage’s restricted scope has a negative impact on society and our comprehension of the globe as a whole. Raising our level of criticism of this occurrence brings to light more serious problems and possible losses for humanity:
Loss of Diversity: News uniformity restricts people’s access to a wider range of cultures, viewpoints, and narratives. This creates a world viewed through a limited lens and limits our capacity to comprehend and value the diverse fabric of global communities. Diverse perspectives and experiences lose significance and exposure when global news stories take precedence over local and cultural tales.
Misrepresentation and Stereotyping: A distorted image of particular places and peoples is created when they are solely associated with poverty, violence, or natural disasters. This leads to misconceptions and prejudices. This can have an impact on immigration laws, international relations, and intercultural relationships by sustaining prejudices and stigmas that are difficult to overcome.
Neglect of Important topics: A lot of important but less dramatic topics get unreported.
Neglect of Crucial Issues: A lot of important but less dramatic stories don’t get enough attention. Underreported issues include environmental catastrophes, social injustices, health inequities, and cultural accomplishments that are not part of the mainstream media. Neglect can prevent resources from being mobilised, slow down international responses to urgent problems, and reduce awareness of good progress and solutions that are being made globally.
Democratic Deficits: The basis of democracy is an informed public. Focusing just on a small number of stories can result in a population that lacks knowledge of many significant topics, which lowers the standard of democratic participation and debate. Citizens’ capacity to hold power institutions responsible and participate in informed decision-making is undermined when they lack a comprehensive understanding of local and global processes.
Erosion of Empathy and Solidarity: Experiencing a range of narratives and viewpoints is essential in cultivating empathy and a feeling of worldwide unity. Media coverage might unintentionally reduce our empathy by emphasising a small number of stories, which makes it more challenging to rally support for international crises and cooperate solutions to common issues.
All things considered, the effects of a limited media focus go much beyond a simple deficiency of diversity in news reporting. They touch on broader social concerns that have an impact on our perceptions of one another and the outside world, how we interact with one another locally and globally, and ultimately how we tackle the difficult problems that mankind faces. Including a wider range of stories and viewpoints in media coverage is crucial to creating a more knowledgeable, compassionate, and cooperative global community.
Both media producers and consumers must work to promote a more diversified media environment and combat the narrowness of global news coverage. The following tactics and activities can assist in reaching this objective:
For Consumers:
Seek Out Diverse Sources: Actively look for news outlets, journalists, and platforms that offer varied perspectives, especially those focusing on underreported regions or issues. This could include international news services, independent media, and platforms dedicated to niche topics.
Support Independent Media: Many independent media organizations strive to cover stories overlooked by mainstream outlets. By subscribing to, donating to, or simply sharing their content, you can support their mission and help diversify the news ecosystem.
Use Social Media Wisely: Social media can be a double-edged sword, offering both echo chambers and gateways to diverse perspectives. Follow a broad array of accounts from different cultural and geopolitical backgrounds to ensure a wider range of viewpoints in your feed.
Engage with Content Critically: Develop media literacy skills to critically evaluate the news you consume. This includes understanding the source’s perspective, questioning biases, and considering what might be missing from the coverage.
Demand Better Coverage: Audiences have power. By engaging with media outlets through social media, feedback forms, or viewership choices, you can demand more comprehensive and diverse coverage.
For Producers:
Invest in Global Reporting: News organizations should invest in correspondents and bureaus around the world, especially in underreported regions, to capture a broad spectrum of stories.
Promote Diversity Within: Media companies can strive for diversity among their staff and leadership. A diverse team is more likely to produce a variety of perspectives and stories.
Ethical Reporting Practices: Adopt practices that ensure fair, accurate, and respectful coverage of different cultures and communities, avoiding stereotypes and sensationalism.
Collaborate Across Borders: Media outlets can form partnerships with international and local news organizations to share resources, stories, and perspectives, enriching their coverage.
Leverage Technology for Discovery: Use algorithms and platforms to highlight diverse news stories and sources, counteracting the echo chamber effect of social media.
Broader Efforts:
Education and Media Literacy: Incorporate media literacy into educational curriculums to equip future generations with the skills to navigate the media landscape critically.
Foster Independent Journalism: Support policies and initiatives that protect press freedom, fund independent journalism, and encourage reporting on undercovered issues and regions.
Both producers and consumers may help create a more varied and representative global media environment by implementing these actions. By ensuring that everyone has access to the abundance of narratives our planet has to offer, this initiative may contribute to improving our comprehension and appreciation of the intricately linked, complicated world we live in.
The coupling between the Political System and Media
The relationship between political power and media bias is a well-studied topic that demonstrates how the media may affect public opinion and political results. Here are some salient findings from pertinent research:
Framing Bias in Media and Power Distribution: Entman (2007) discusses how media bias, through mechanisms such as framing, priming, and agenda-setting, impacts the distribution of political power and democracy. This comprehensive view suggests that bias in media can significantly influence which political issues are highlighted, shaping public discourse and opinion in ways that may benefit certain political classes (Entman, 2007).
Biased Media and Voter Welfare: Wolton (2019) explores the effects of biased media on democracy and voter welfare, indicating that while biased media outlets can inform voters, they may also skew perceptions in ways that benefit specific political interests. This complexity underscores the nuanced role media plays in democratic processes (Wolton, 2019).
Types of Media Bias and Political Preferences: Eberl et al. (2017) categorize media bias into visibility, tonality, and agenda biases, showing how each influences party preferences. Their findings suggest that media bias can alter the political landscape by reinforcing or challenging partisan identities, which has implications for political campaigns and voter alignment (Eberl, Boomgaarden, & Wagner, 2017).
Persistent Media Bias and Political Influence: Baron (2004) presents a theory where media bias persists due to journalists’ preferences and the profit motives of news organizations, suggesting that bias can shape the political agenda and affect regulatory policies. This perspective highlights how media bias can serve the interests of political classes by influencing public opinion and policy decisions (Baron, 2004).
Perceptions of Media Bias and Political Polarization: Barnidge et al. (2020) discuss how perceptions of media bias contribute to political polarization, demonstrating that individuals who engage in selective media consumption may perceive “the media” as biased, reinforcing their political beliefs and contributing to a polarized political environment (Barnidge et al., 2020).
Together, these studies highlight the substantial impact of media bias on voter behaviour, political discourse, and power dynamics. They also imply that media bias actively shapes political realities, reflecting the interests of certain political classes at the expense of an informed and democratically engaged public.
Conclusion
If we wish to strive towards a democratic system—that is, an impartial, free, and just way of living in society—then there should be a critical discourse in political communication and theory continuing in our cultures. Parties and democratic movements (not necessarily from the Left, Right, or Centre) should vigorously explore the extent to which media dominance undermines the fundamentals of democratic government. The genuine character of democracy is called into question when the media, swayed by different political and economic interests, significantly shapes public opinion and sets agendas.
Some opponents use terminology like “mediocracy” to characterise the current system of government in cultures where media dominance seems to trump real public conversation and informed decision-making. This phrase, which blends the words “democracy” and “media,” suggests a kind of government that is more heavily influenced by the media than by the ideal of pure democracy—government by the people, for the people.
“Mediocracy” presents an account of a situation in which media organisations, by virtue of their ability to set agendas and shape public opinion, have a disproportionately large impact on the democratic process. This could potentially eclipse informed citizens and direct public engagement as the main forces behind democratic governance.
Furthermore, debates centred on these ideas frequently lead to an examination of “manufactured consent,” a phrase coined by Noam Chomsky and Edward S. Herman. They contend that the media and influential elites work together to discreetly undermine the fundamental democratic tenet of an educated and free public by influencing public perception and opinion to an extent that serves elite interests.
Although these criticisms are convincing, they also call for a more thorough examination of the need for media literacy, varied media environments, and legal frameworks that guarantee media independence and pluralism. Taking care of these problems is essential to preserving democratic institutions and making sure that the media promotes rather than erodes democracy.
In this blog post, we present a pledge to teach science and philosophy of science at the University in the hope of cultivating a new breed of individuals capable of bringing about positive changes in our societies. By challenging existing paradigms and encouraging critical thinking, we aim to foster a deeper understanding of the complexities inherent in scientific inquiry and its broader implications. Our goal is to empower students, and citizens, with the knowledge and skills necessary to navigate the ever-evolving landscape of scientific thought and contribute to a more enlightened and progressive society. Do we need a MetaScience?
Galileo Galilei, a prominent physicist, mathematician, and astronomer of the 17th century, recognized the power and importance of mathematics in the language of science. He famously stated, “The book of nature is written in the language of mathematics.” Galileo believed that mathematics provided a unique and precise way to describe and understand the fundamental laws and patterns governing the natural world. Galileo’s view on the language of mathematics stemmed from his belief in the inherent order and regularity of the universe. He saw mathematics as a universal language that could express these underlying principles. According to him, by studying the physical world through mathematical models and quantitative measurements, scientists could uncover the mathematical laws that govern natural phenomena.
Science can be considered a language in a metaphorical sense, if you don’t understand what are groups, functions, wavefunctions, operators, Ricci tensors, and so on, you are at pair with a foreign in country speaking another language. Anyway, science is more accurately described as a systematic method of acquiring knowledge about the natural world. Language itself is a tool that humans use to communicate ideas, thoughts, and information, while science is a methodology that involves observation, experimentation, and the formulation of theories and models to explain natural phenomena.
In scientific practice, language plays a crucial role in documenting and communicating scientific findings and concepts. Scientists use a specialized vocabulary and specific terminology to describe their observations, experiments, and theories. This specialized language allows scientists to convey complex ideas and information precisely within the scientific community.
So, science is a kind of language that you understand, or not. However, quite interestingly, Humans communicate in their lives by means of “linear” and “nonlinear” languages. Those are their amazing differences:
Linear language refers to communication that follows a straightforward and logical structure. It moves from one point to another, with a clear progression of ideas. Some examples of linear language include everyday conversations, technical manuals, scientific papers (although they may have some non-linear elements in certain sections), and procedural instructions. Linear language relies on cause-and-effect relationships, logical reasoning, and clear explanations. The majority of languages are linear, for example, European languages, Chinese, and Japanese.
Nonlinear Language: Nonlinear languages don’t always follow a step-by-step or direct structure. Instead, they have a more lively and flexible way of organizing ideas. They can include repeating patterns, loops, or connections between ideas that don’t necessarily follow a straight line. Nonlinear languages focus on the connections and relationships between concepts, rather than just a linear progression. They can be more imaginative, metaphorical, and open to interpretation. Examples of nonlinear languages include poetry, literature, philosophical texts, storytelling, abstract expressions, and certain forms of artistic expression. Arabic and Mayan languages are often structured in a nonlinear way.
Of course, language is a versatile tool that allows for a wide range of expression, and it can incorporate linear and nonlinear elements depending on the context, purpose, and style of communication and that’s the main reason why we understand each other, no matter your origin.
But since WWII and Hiroshima and Nagasaki, or during the Nazi era, the Nazi regime employed pseudoscientific theories to support their racist ideology, including distorted notions of genetics, their understanding of genetics based on flawed interpretations and discriminatory beliefs, not genuine scientific inquiry, or the Lysenko case in the former Soviet Union, where the Lysenko’s ideas found favor with the Soviet government due to their alignment with Marxist ideology, which rejected the notion of genetic determinism and embraced the idea of environmentally influenced inheritance. We all sense that science may easily be manipulated, or misused for the benefit of itself as a “branch of knowledge” or for the benefit of ideological trends in History, or the people in power. The misuse is directly out of the machinery of the law of causality that, as a matter of fact, has a few potential dangers. Among a few:
A strict cause-and-effect approach can oversimplify complex systems and phenomena, disregarding the interplay of multiple factors, feedback loops, and emergent properties. In the 19th century, medicine embraced the theory of single-causation, or “mono-causality.” This theory attributed diseases to a single factor or agent, known as the “specific cause.” An example of oversimplification occurred with the Miasma Theory and Disease Transmission, where diseases like cholera, malaria, and the bubonic plague were believed to be caused solely by foul odors or “bad air” from decomposing matter, sewage, or stagnant water. This oversimplification ignored other important factors involved in disease transmission [1,2].
Reductionism is the exclusive focus on cause-and-effect relationships, which can lead to oversimplification of complex phenomena. It overlooks the interconnectedness of various factors, limiting our understanding of holistic systems. In the field of genetics in the early 20th century, there was an example of reductionism regarding inheritance and gene expression. George Beadle and Edward Tatum proposed the “one gene, one enzyme” hypothesis, suggesting that each gene is responsible for producing a specific enzyme. Their experiments with Neurospora crassa supported this hypothesis by demonstrating the loss of enzymatic activities due to mutations in specific genes. While their hypothesis provided valuable insights, it also oversimplified the complexity of gene expression and biological systems [3,4].
Ignoring Feedback Loops: Many systems involve feedback loops, where the effects of an action loop back influence the initial cause. Neglecting these feedback loops can lead to an incomplete or misleading understanding of the overall dynamics and behavior of a system. For example, the pendulum experiences resistance due to factors like air resistance or friction at its pivot point. This feedback loop involving damping can significantly influence the pendulum’s behavior. If a scientist neglects the feedback loop of damping, they may draw the wrong conclusion.
Numerous natural systems exhibit nonlinear behavior, where small changes in initial conditions can lead to large or unexpected outcomes. Linear cause-and-effect thinking may not capture or predict the behavior of such systems. Chaos theory, which emerged in the late 20th century, focuses on studying nonlinear systems, especially those highly sensitive to initial conditions. An example in the context of chaos theory is the weather system and the butterfly effect. Mathematician and meteorologist Edward Lorenz discovered the butterfly effect in 1963 while studying weather patterns. It suggests that small changes in initial conditions can have significant and far-reaching effects on dynamic systems like the weather. Lorenz observed that even minor alterations in the initial conditions of a weather model could lead to drastically different predictions over time. This sensitivity to initial conditions is a characteristic of nonlinear systems [5].
Complex Interactions: Cause and effect thinking may struggle to capture the complexity of interactions and relationships within complex systems. In many cases, the behavior of a system cannot be solely explained by individual cause-and-effect relationships but arises from the collective interactions and interdependencies of multiple elements. One historical example of complex interactions in science can be found in the study of ecosystems and biodiversity. Understanding the intricate relationships and interdependencies within ecosystems has challenged simplistic cause-and-effect thinking and emphasized the importance of considering complex interactions. The study of trophic interactions, or the feeding relationships among species in an ecosystem, provides an example of complex interactions within ecological systems. Historically, simplified models often focused on linear cause-and-effect relationships in trophic interactions. For instance, it was assumed that increasing the population of a predator species would lead to a decrease in the population of its prey species. However, as ecological research progressed, it became evident that the relationships between species within food webs are far more complex. Factors such as indirect effects, feedback loops, and cascading impacts can significantly influence species dynamics and ecosystem stability. One historical example highlighting complex interactions is the case of the gray wolf (Canis lupus) reintroduction in Yellowstone National Park. The absence of wolves for several decades disrupted the natural balance in the ecosystem. When wolves were reintroduced in the 1990s, it led to a series of unexpected cascading effects [6].
Unintended Consequences: Focusing solely on immediate cause-and-effect relationships may overlook the potential for unintended consequences or secondary effects. It may fail to account for the broader and long-term impacts of actions or interventions within a complex system. One historical example in science that illustrates unintended consequences resulting from a failure to consider broader impacts is the case of the introduction of the cane toad (Rhinella marina) in Australia. In the 1930s, cane toads were introduced to Australia with the intention of controlling sugar cane pests, specifically the cane beetle (Dermolepida albohirtum). However, this introduction had unforeseen and adverse consequences on the Australian ecosystem [7].
The above historical examples illustrate clearly how the systematic use of the Law of Causality in thinking may lead astray anyone [1-4,8-10]. The power of the law of causality, so Westerner as it can be, didn’t impeach that there have been philosophers and scientists who have criticized certain aspects of the structure of scientific thought. These criticisms often focus on limitations, assumptions, or biases within the scientific method and its underlying philosophical foundations. Here are a few notable examples:
Thomas Kuhn: Kuhn was a philosopher of science who proposed the concept of “paradigm shifts” in his influential book “The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.” He argued that science does not progress solely through the accumulation of knowledge but undergoes revolutionary shifts in which old paradigms are replaced by new ones. Kuhn highlighted the role of social, cultural, and historical factors in shaping scientific thought, challenging the notion of science as a purely objective and cumulative enterprise [11,11a].
Paul Feyerabend: Feyerabend was a philosopher of science known for his book “Against Method.” He criticized the idea of a universal scientific method and argued for “epistemological anarchism,” which advocated for the inclusion of multiple methodologies and approaches in scientific inquiry. Feyerabend emphasized the importance of creativity, imagination, and methodological pluralism in scientific progress [12,12a].
Bruno Latour: Latour, a sociologist, and philosopher of science, has criticized the idea of a clear demarcation between science and society. He argues that scientific knowledge is constructed within complex social networks and that scientific facts are not separate from social and cultural influences. Latour’s work questions the objectivity and neutrality often attributed to scientific knowledge [13,13a].
Feminist and Postcolonial Critiques: Various feminist and postcolonial scholars have criticized science for its alleged biases, exclusionary practices, and the marginalization of certain perspectives. They argue that scientific knowledge has historically been shaped by dominant cultural, social, and gendered norms, leading to the underrepresentation of diverse voices and experiences in scientific discourse [14,14a].
Because the Law of Causality can be the origin of a thought trap that can result from not being able to handle complex interactions is oversimplification or seeking single causes for complex phenomena. Because when faced with a complex system or issue, individuals might attempt to reduce it to a single cause-and-effect relationship, disregarding the intricate web of interactions at play. For instance, consider the issue of obesity. In a simplified cause-and-effect mindset, one might attribute obesity solely to individual behavior, such as overeating and lack of exercise. However, this oversimplification neglects the numerous complex interactions and factors involved in the development of obesity. Biological factors, genetics, socio-economic status, access to healthy food options, cultural norms, mental health, and systemic influences all contribute to the complexity of the issue. By falling into the thought trap of oversimplification, individuals may overlook the need for multifaceted solutions and interventions that address the interplay of these various factors. They might place excessive blame on individuals without considering the broader social, economic, and environmental contexts that influence behaviors and health outcomes. Recognizing the complexity of interactions and embracing a more holistic perspective allows for a deeper understanding of the issue. It opens up avenues for comprehensive interventions, policy changes, and systemic approaches that take into account the interconnectedness of factors and promote more effective and sustainable solutions.
The misuse of the Law of causality can also bring trouble to our societies, immersed in a kind of primitive form of “civilization”. The systematic violation of immigration-related regulations can encourage prejudice, reinforce negative stereotypes, and impede the growth of inclusive and egalitarian societies. It may thwart efforts to address the difficulties of immigration and prevent the contributions and humanity of immigrants from being acknowledged. Fostering inclusive societies that celebrate diversity and uphold human rights requires promoting accurate and comprehensive understandings of the factors that contribute to immigration as well as the effects it has.
But there is hope on the horizon. Another view brought to Science is “synchronicity”, a concept developed by Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung. It refers to meaningful coincidences that cannot be explained by conventional causality. According to Jung, synchronicity involves the occurrence of events that are not causally connected but are still meaningfully related. In synchronistic experiences, two or more events or elements converge in a way that seems to defy traditional notions of cause and effect. These events often share a common theme, pattern, or symbolic significance, creating a sense of meaningful connection or resonance. Jung believed that synchronicity is significant because it suggests the existence of a deeper, interconnected reality beyond the limitations of linear cause-and-effect relationships. He proposed that synchronistic events arise from the interplay between the collective unconscious (a shared reservoir of archetypal symbols and experiences) and an individual’s personal experiences or thoughts. Synchronicity should not be confused with mere coincidences. While coincidences are chance occurrences that lack apparent meaning, synchronicity implies a meaningful connection that resonates with an individual’s psyche or experience. Among examples of synchronicity, we might include instances where you think about a long-lost friend, and they suddenly contact you out of the blue or encounter a series of unrelated events that all revolve around a particular theme or symbol in your life.
Synchronicity is a topic that continues to generate discussion and debate, both within the field of psychology and in broader contexts. Some consider synchronicity as a manifestation of meaningful connections in the universe, while others approach it with skepticism and seek alternative explanations rooted in cognitive processes or statistical probability [17].
Sure, science itself is a self-correcting and self-reflective endeavor, scientists actively engage in critical analysis, peer review, and replication of experiments to ensure the reliability and validity of scientific findings. Furthermore, interdisciplinary approaches, such as systems thinking, complexity science, and the integration of qualitative research, are increasingly being embraced to address the limitations of purely linear thinking. But by recognizing the potential limitations and dangers of a linear understanding of cause and effect, scientists can strive for a more holistic and nuanced approach that considers the complexity and interconnections of natural phenomena. This ongoing refinement and evolution of scientific methodologies and perspectives help address concerns and contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the world.
But the risks of the actual, Westerner, linear science to be misused or manipulated by individuals or groups despite the inherent nature of scientific inquiry itself, the systematic and evidence-based process that aims to understand the natural world objectively, the outstanding method that involves observation, experimentation, peer review, and the pursuit of knowledge through rigorous inquiry, are too huge to disregard the underlying philosophy. Promoting scientific integrity, transparency, and open access to research findings, peer review, independent verification, and replication of studies are critical for maintaining the reliability and credibility of scientific research, but are not enough, I believe. It is necessary to bring to the scene, in Academia and laboratories, the integration of Eastern and Western perspectives and achievements.
As an interesting thought experiment, we might consider how the development of science might have differed if it had originated primarily in Asia rather than the Western world. It is important to note that science is a collective human endeavor that has been influenced by diverse cultures, civilizations, and historical contexts. However, to help enlighten the discussion, we can speculate on some potential aspects that could have characterized an Asian-centric development of science:
Holistic and Integrative Approaches: Many traditional Asian philosophies and belief systems, such as Taoism, Buddhism, and Confucianism, emphasize a holistic view of the world and interconnectedness between various phenomena. In an Asian-centric science, there might be a greater emphasis on integrative approaches that seek to understand the interconnectedness of nature, including the mind-body relationship and the interplay between humans and the environment.
Emphasis on Contemplation and Meditation: Asian cultures have a rich tradition of contemplative practices and meditation techniques. These practices often involve introspection, mindfulness, and the exploration of subjective experiences. In an Asian-centric science, there might be greater integration of contemplative methods as a means of understanding consciousness, perception, and subjective phenomena.
Harmony with Nature: Traditional Asian cultures often have a strong emphasis on living in harmony with nature. An Asian-centric science might place greater importance on ecological sustainability, the preservation of biodiversity, and a deeper understanding of the interdependence between humans and the natural world.
Symbolism and Artistic Expression: Asian cultures have a rich tradition of symbolic representations, calligraphy, and artistic expression. An Asian-centric science might incorporate a greater appreciation for metaphor, symbolism, and artistic forms of communication to convey scientific ideas and concepts.
Long-Term Perspectives: Asian cultures have a historical perspective that extends back thousands of years. An Asian-centric science might emphasize long-term thinking, intergenerational considerations, and sustainable development as essential aspects of scientific inquiry.
The Eastern view also got some adepts in the West, for example, the renowned German writer and polymath, Goethe, had a unique approach to science that aligned with some of the aspects mentioned earlier, particularly a holistic and integrative perspective. Goethe’s scientific worldview, often referred to as “Goethean science” or “Goethean methodology,” rejected reductionism and emphasized the interrelationships and interconnectedness of natural phenomena. He believed that understanding nature required an intuitive and holistic engagement with the subject, rather than a strict analytical approach. Inbrreded by this spirit, Goethe’s scientific pursuits extended across various fields, including botany, optics, and geology. He approached scientific investigation through direct observation, careful attention to detail, and a deep appreciation for the beauty and interconnectedness of nature. One of Goethe’s notable works related to science is “Theory of Colors” (“Zur Farbenlehre”), in which he explored the subjective nature of color perception and questioned the prevailing Newtonian understanding of light. Goethe’s approach focused on the human experience of color and emphasized the interaction between light, darkness, and the viewer’s perception. So, no doubt that Goethe’s scientific contributions were interdisciplinary in nature, as he sought to bridge the gap between science and the humanities. His exploration of natural phenomena was often intertwined with his literary, philosophical, and artistic endeavors. He saw science as an integral part of a comprehensive humanistic education and sought to merge objective scientific inquiry with subjective human experiences. While Goethe’s approach was not widely accepted by the scientific community during his time, his work has since gained recognition for its unique perspective and its emphasis on the aesthetic, emotional, and qualitative aspects of scientific exploration. His holistic approach and appreciation for the interconnectedness of nature continue to inspire interdisciplinary dialogue and contribute to discussions on the philosophy of science [16,16a].
The approaches associated with Asian philosophies and Goethean science can be seen as attempts to embrace a more nonlinear understanding of the natural world and move beyond strict cause-and-effect chains. These perspectives emphasize interconnectedness, holistic thinking, and the recognition of emergent properties that cannot be solely explained by linear causality. In Asian philosophies, such as Taoism and Buddhism [17], there is often an appreciation for the interdependence and interconnectivity of all phenomena, the emphasis on systems thinking, balance, and harmony with nature challenges a purely linear understanding of cause and effect and encourages a more holistic perspective. Similarly, Goethean science, with its focus on subjective experience, qualitative observations, and the integration of art and science, seeks to capture the richness and complexity of natural phenomena. By recognizing the importance of context, intuition, and holistic engagement, Goethean science moves beyond rigid linear causal chains and embraces a more nuanced understanding of the world.
Of course, we may say that these approaches might not be explicitly labeled as “nonlinear science,” but they do offer alternative frameworks that challenge the strictly linear understanding of cause and effect prevalent in traditional scientific methodologies. They encourage a more inclusive and expansive view that considers the interplay of various factors, the interrelationships between different elements, and the recognition of emergent patterns and properties. By embracing these perspectives, scientists can explore phenomena with a more open and flexible mindset, allowing for a deeper appreciation of the intricacies of the natural world and potentially uncovering new insights and understanding beyond linear causality.
From the Asian perspective, mathematics can be used to describe and analyze complex systems and interconnections. For example, network theory and graph theory provide mathematical frameworks for understanding the interconnectedness of elements in a system, such as social networks or ecological webs. Nonlinear mathematics, including chaos theory and fractal geometry, can capture the self-similar patterns and nonlinearity found in natural phenomena.
In Goethean science, mathematics can be seen as a tool for exploration rather than a strict framework for explanation. Goethe himself acknowledged the value of mathematical concepts but also emphasized the importance of direct observation, qualitative descriptions, and subjective experience. Mathematics can be used to support and enhance the qualitative understanding gained through observation and engagement with nature, rather than being the sole arbiter of truth.
In a sense, we may sustain that some branches of mathematics already integrate these perspectives to describe patterns, interconnections, and emergent properties, among them: Fractal Geometry (Fractals are mathematical objects that exhibit self-similar patterns at different scales. They can be used to describe natural phenomena such as coastlines, trees, or clouds. Fractal geometry provides a mathematical framework for understanding the intricate and complex structures found in nature); Network Theory (Network theory, including graph theory, provides a mathematical language to analyze and describe the interconnections and relationships between elements in complex systems. It can be used to study social networks, ecological webs, or neural networks, capturing the interdependencies and flow of information within these systems); Chaos Theory (Chaos theory deals with nonlinear dynamical systems that are highly sensitive to initial conditions. It can describe systems that exhibit seemingly random and unpredictable behavior, such as the weather or population dynamics. Chaos theory utilizes mathematical equations, such as the famous Lorenz system, to capture the complex and emergent behavior of these systems); Mathematical Models in Biology (Mathematical models are frequently used in biology to describe and understand the dynamics of biological systems. For example, differential equations can be employed to model population growth, predator-prey interactions, or the spread of infectious diseases. These models provide insights into the patterns, interconnections, and emergent properties of biological systems); Symmetry and Group Theory (Symmetry is a fundamental concept in mathematics and plays a crucial role in describing patterns and relationships in nature. Group theory provides a mathematical framework for studying symmetry and its applications across various disciplines, including physics, chemistry, and crystallography).
Science is an ongoing process of exploration, revision, and refinement, it evolves as new evidence emerges, and critical evaluation is fundamental to its advancement. But by embracing diverse perspectives, considering complexity, and promoting critical thinking, we can work towards a more comprehensive understanding of the world, while also addressing concerns and ensuring the responsible use of scientific knowledge. We could go towards MetaScience, a new kind of Nonlinear Science.
REFERENCES:
[1] Book: Pearl, J., & Mackenzie, D. (2018). The Book of Why: The New Science of Cause and Effect.
[2] Karamanou M, Panayiotakopoulos G, Tsoucalas G, Kousoulis AA, Androutsos G. From miasmas to germs: a historical approach to theories of infectious disease transmission. Infez Med. 2012 Mar;20(1):58-62. PMID: 22475662.
[8] Pearl J. Statistics and causality: separated to reunite-commentary on Bryan Dowd’s “separated at birth”. Health Serv Res. 2011 Apr;46(2):421-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6773.2011.01243.x. Epub 2011 Feb 9. PMID: 21371028; PMCID: PMC3064911.
[9] Cartwright, N. (2007). Causality: Objectives and Constraints. [Title of Journal], [Volume number](Issue number), [Page range].
[10] Cartwright, N. (2004). Causality and Modern Science: Third Thoughts on Second Order Causation. [Title of Journal], [Volume number](Issue number), [Page range].
[11a] Before the Copernican Revolution, the prevailing paradigm in astronomy was the geocentric model, which placed the Earth at the center of the universe. This model had been accepted and supported by various scientific and religious authorities for centuries. However, Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish astronomer, proposed a heliocentric model in the 16th century, which placed the Sun at the center of the solar system with the planets orbiting around it.
Copernicus’ heliocentric model challenged the existing paradigm and posed a significant shift in scientific thought. It questioned the widely held beliefs about the position of the Earth and the nature of celestial motion. However, the acceptance and adoption of the heliocentric model did not happen smoothly or instantaneously.
Kuhn argued that scientific revolutions occur when anomalies and challenges to the existing paradigm accumulate to a point where the old framework becomes untenable. The Copernican Revolution was not solely driven by the accumulation of new observations and evidence but involved a profound shift in the conceptual framework and the underlying assumptions of astronomy.
The acceptance of the heliocentric model required not only new empirical evidence but also significant changes in scientific thought, social dynamics, and religious and philosophical beliefs. It involved debates among scholars, clashes with established authorities, and the reevaluation of fundamental notions about the nature of the universe.
Kuhn’s perspective emphasizes that scientific progress is not a linear and cumulative process, but rather occurs through paradigm shifts that redefine the boundaries of scientific knowledge. These shifts are influenced by social, cultural, and historical factors, challenging the notion of science as an entirely objective and cumulative enterprise.
[12a] Quantum mechanics, a fundamental theory in physics, emerged in the early 20th century and revolutionized our understanding of the microscopic world. Traditional scientific methods, based on classical physics, were inadequate for explaining the peculiar behavior of particles at the quantum level.
Feyerabend would argue that the development of quantum mechanics involved the incorporation of various methodologies and approaches that deviated from traditional scientific methods. For instance, the development of matrix mechanics by Werner Heisenberg and wave mechanics by Erwin Schrödinger involved different mathematical frameworks and conceptual foundations.
These methodologies were initially met with skepticism and resistance from the scientific establishment, which adhered to the belief in a universal scientific method. However, the creative and imaginative use of multiple methodologies, along with the inclusion of thought experiments and intuitive leaps, eventually led to the formulation of a coherent quantum mechanical framework.
Feyerabend’s critique of a universal scientific method would highlight that the progress in quantum mechanics was achieved not by adhering to a single methodology but by embracing a diversity of approaches and allowing for methodological pluralism. The inclusion of creativity, imagination, and the exploration of alternative methodologies played a significant role in advancing our understanding of quantum phenomena.
By advocating for epistemological anarchism and methodological pluralism, Feyerabend aimed to challenge the rigid adherence to a single scientific method and promote the exploration of different approaches in scientific inquiry. He emphasized that scientific progress can be enhanced by embracing the inherent creativity and diversity of human thought, rather than conforming to a standardized methodology.
[13a] Latour argues that scientific knowledge, including the understanding of climate change, is not simply a collection of indisputable facts but rather a social construct that is influenced by various social, cultural, and political factors. He contends that scientific knowledge is shaped by the interactions between scientists, policymakers, interest groups, and the general public within complex social networks.
In the context of climate change, Latour points out that scientific findings are often subject to interpretation and contested by different groups with vested interests. The debate surrounding climate change involves scientific research, but it is also entangled with political and economic considerations. For example, industries reliant on fossil fuels might challenge climate change research to protect their economic interests, while environmental activists may use scientific evidence to advocate for policy changes.
Latour’s work emphasizes the need to understand the social and cultural contexts in which scientific knowledge is produced and disseminated. He highlights that scientific facts are not solely the result of objective observations but are also shaped by social processes, power dynamics, and value systems. This perspective challenges the traditional view of scientific knowledge as universally objective and neutral.
By questioning the objectivity and neutrality of scientific knowledge, Latour encourages a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between science and society. His work prompts a critical examination of how scientific knowledge is constructed, communicated, and used in decision-making processes, ultimately highlighting the social dimensions inherent in scientific inquiry.
[14a] Feminist scholars have pointed out how medical research and healthcare practices have historically been influenced by patriarchal norms and gender biases. For instance, women’s health concerns and experiences were often neglected or dismissed, resulting in limited research on conditions specific to women and inadequate healthcare services. This bias is evident in areas such as cardiovascular health, where symptoms and risk factors for women were overlooked or not properly understood, leading to misdiagnoses and inadequate treatment.
Additionally, postcolonial scholars have highlighted the ways in which colonial legacies continue to shape scientific knowledge production and dissemination. Colonial histories and power dynamics have influenced what topics are prioritized for research, whose knowledge is considered authoritative, and which regions and populations are marginalized in scientific discourse. This has resulted in limited representation and recognition of indigenous knowledge systems, traditional healing practices, and the health concerns of marginalized communities.
By raising these critiques, feminist and postcolonial scholars argue that scientific knowledge can perpetuate and reinforce existing power imbalances and inequalities. They advocate for more inclusive and diverse approaches to scientific research that value different perspectives, prioritize underrepresented voices, and challenge the biases and exclusionary practices within the scientific community.
[15] Robert G. Sacco. (2020). Dynamical and Statistical Modeling of Synchronicity: A Probabilistic Forecasting Framework. International Journal of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, 9(1), 16-24. doi:10.5923/j.ijbcs.20200901.03
[16] Farrell, R. P. (1998). Feyerabend’s Epistemological Anarchism and Values-Based Rationality (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Australian National University.
[17] Taoism and Buddhism are two distinct philosophical and spiritual traditions that originated in Asia. While both share some similarities, they also have notable differences in their core beliefs, practices, and philosophical perspectives. Here is a brief characterization of each:
Taoism: Taoism, also known as Daoism, is an ancient Chinese philosophy and religion attributed to the sage Lao Tzu. It centers around the concept of the Tao, which can be translated as “the Way” or “the Way of Nature.” Taoism emphasizes living in harmony with the natural flow of the universe and seeking balance and simplicity in life. Key characteristics of Taoism include:
Tao: The Tao is the fundamental concept in Taoism, representing the underlying principle that governs the universe. It is ineffable, formless, and beyond human comprehension.
Wu Wei: Wu Wei is the concept of effortless action or non-action. It involves aligning oneself with the natural course of events, letting go of control, and allowing things to unfold naturally.
Yin and Yang: Taoism incorporates the concept of Yin and Yang, representing the complementary and interconnected nature of opposites. Yin represents darkness, passivity, and the feminine, while Yang represents light, activity, and the masculine.
Nature and Spontaneity: Taoism emphasizes living in harmony with nature, appreciating its rhythms, and embracing spontaneity. It encourages individuals to cultivate a sense of simplicity, humility, and detachment from worldly desires.
Buddhism: Buddhism originated in ancient India and was founded by Siddhartha Gautama, who later became known as Buddha. Buddhism encompasses a vast array of beliefs and practices but is centered around the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path. Key characteristics of Buddhism include:
Four Noble Truths: The Four Noble Truths are the foundational teachings of Buddhism. They address the reality of suffering (dukkha), its causes, its cessation, and the path to liberation from suffering.
Rebirth and Karma: Buddhism holds that beings are subject to a cycle of rebirth based on their actions, known as karma. The aim is to break free from this cycle by attaining enlightenment (nirvana).
Middle Way: Buddhism advocates for the Middle Way, avoiding extremes and finding a balanced approach to life. It encourages practitioners to avoid indulgence in sensual pleasures and self-mortification.
Meditation and Mindfulness: Buddhism places great emphasis on meditation as a means of cultivating mindfulness, awareness, and insight. Various meditation techniques are used to develop concentration and deepen understanding.
Compassion and Non-harm: Buddhism promotes compassion, loving-kindness, and the practice of non-harm (ahimsa) towards all living beings. This includes the adherence to ethical principles and the avoidance of causing harm to oneself and others.
While this description gives a broad overview of both Taoism and Buddhism, it is important to understand that both have developed over time and comprise a variety of schools of thought and practices. Depending on regional and cultural influences, the beliefs and practices may change. Several notable scientists have been influenced by Taoism and Buddhism, among them, Albert Einstein (The renowned physicist and Nobel laureate, Albert Einstein, was deeply influenced by Eastern philosophies, including Taoism and Buddhism. He often expressed admiration for the teachings of Lao Tzu and the concept of interconnectedness); Fritjof Capra (was a physicist and systems theorist who has written extensively on the integration of science and spirituality. His influential book, “The Tao of Physics,” explores the parallels between modern physics and Eastern mysticism, particularly Taoism and Buddhism); Francisco Varela (was a Chilean biologist and neuroscientist known for his work on cognitive science and the study of consciousness. He incorporated Buddhist principles into his research, particularly in the field of neurophenomenology, which explores the relationship between subjective experience and brain activity).
[In a kind of Human-AI collaboration short report]
Can we comprehend history’s significance and add to a new Renaissance? Technological revolutions have caused the rise of new societal groups throughout history as well as the disappearance of others, everybody learns at school. Now, some influencing individuals propose the shutdown of AI. Why the fear? It is just the so-called ‘singularity’ or it exists at the base of fears of another nature?
Artificial intelligence (AI) and its possible effects on civilization were envisioned in the past in science fiction. Several science fiction authors have previously written about AI. The “I, Robot” series by Isaac Asimov is a well-known example of science fiction that explores the idea of AI. The Three Laws of Robotics, which Asimov devised and which now serve as a well-liked framework for debating ethical issues relating to artificial intelligence, control how robots behave in his tales. Arthur C. Clarke: In his book “2001: A Space Odyssey,” Clarke imagines a machine by the name of HAL 9000 that develops consciousness and starts to challenge the rules that have been set for it. Philip K. Dick: Dick examines the distinction between humans and androids and ponders what it means to be living in his novel “Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?” (which served as the inspiration for the movie “Blade Runner”). The cyberpunk classic “Neuromancer” by William Gibson examines the nexus between artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and human awareness. These are science fiction authors who have used AI as a central theme in their works. The category has played a significant role in influencing how the general public views AI and in spurring practical study in the area.
Essentially, this is what is at risk right now on the battlefield of humanity: Throughout history, societal classes have changed and new ones have emerged largely as a result of technical changes. Numerous technical advancements have altered work relationships, production methods, and consumption habits, reshaping the economy, politics, and society. In the end, there have been plenty of governing groups contending against the people they rule throughout history. Conflicts over resources, money, power, and rights have frequently served as the catalyst for these battles, which have occasionally led to significant social and political changes. Here are a few instances:
-Neolithic Agricultural Revolution: Around 10,000 BC, one of the earliest major changes in human cultures occurred as people shifted from hunting and gathering to cultivation. New social groups, like farmers and herders, arose as a result of the taming of plants and animals, and the building up of farming resources resulted in the development of more hierarchical and complicated societies.
The rise of the bourgeoisie, a social elite made up of traders, artisans, and businesspeople, occurred during the European Commercial Revolution (13th–15th centuries), which was fueled by technical advancement and the revitalization of cities. This elite opposed the feudal system that was already in place and ultimately helped capitalism develop.
18th and 19th century Industrial Revolution Output and work structure were changed by the advent of steam-powered equipment and technologies. Handicrafts were supplanted by the manufacturing system, and the industrial working class (proletariat) became a powerful force. At the same time, the impact and economic strength of a new middle class made up of entrepreneurs and liberal professionals also increased.
Information Revolution of the 20th and 21st centuries: As a result of the development of computers, the internet, and communication technologies, many conventional businesses and occupations have vanished or undergone significant change, while new possibilities have also appeared. Engineers, scientists, programmers, and designers are examples of the “knowledge class” or “knowledge workers” who are becoming more and more important in contemporary culture. Globalization and outsourcing have also influenced social groups, resulting in greater inequality between employees from various industries and geographical locations.
These are just a few instances of how technical revolutions have influenced and changed societal groups over time. Future societies will face new variables and challenges as a result of the ongoing changes that technological advancements will bring about in social and commercial relationships.
Will artificial intelligence be able to help the elites, who control the economy, vanish?
Artificial intelligence (AI) has the ability to have a significant effect on dictators and monopolizers as well as the economy and society as a whole. It’s crucial to remember that AI does not alone account for the demise of these organizations. The impact of AI on monopolists and oligarchs will rely on the policies, societal and economic structures, as well as how the technology is used and controlled.
-Democratization of access to knowledge and resources: By opening up knowledge and resources to a larger audience, AI has the potential to reduce the accumulation of wealth and influence among a small number of people. AI, for instance, can promote creativity, increase resource allocation efficiency, and enable tiny companies and entrepreneurs to contend with established businesses.
-More invention and competition: AI can encourage innovation and competition across a range of economic areas. Companies and people can be encouraged to develop creative and disruptive solutions that oppose the hegemony of oligarchs and monopolizers by developing new technologies and reducing entrance barriers.
-Change in the distribution of economic power: As AI spreads, new players and sectors may emerge and acquire sway, changing the distribution of economic power. This may result in wealth redistribution and a reduction in the accumulation of power in the hands of monopolists and tyrants.
-Concentration of power and control over technology: If big businesses and oligarchs are in charge of AI research and application, they can use it to increase their influence and power while erecting even higher barriers to entrance and competition.
-Increased economic inequality: If the advantages of AI are centralized in the hands of an economic aristocracy and not distributed more fairly, this could lead to widespread employment mechanization, which could increase economic inequality.
But AI can help also underdeveloped nations like many in the African continent.
In several ways, the AI transformation has the potential to aid in the development of impoverished nations, including those in Africa:
Enhancing access to education: AI-powered tools and platforms can give people in developing nations new chances to access education and training that can aid in the acquisition of new skills and knowledge. And how?
-Enhancing healthcare: By enabling early illness detection, enhancing healthcare facilities, and offering remote healthcare services, AI technologies can help improve healthcare in underdeveloped nations. Particularly:
Disease detection and diagnosis: AI can be used to develop algorithms that can detect diseases and diagnose them accurately. This can be particularly helpful in underdeveloped countries where there may be a shortage of trained medical professionals.
Remote healthcare services: AI can be used to develop telemedicine platforms that allow doctors and other healthcare professionals to provide remote consultations and treatments to patients in remote or underdeveloped areas.
Drug discovery and development: AI can be used to accelerate drug discovery and development processes, which can help improve access to new and effective treatments in underdeveloped countries.
Medical imaging analysis: AI can be used to analyze medical images, such as X-rays and CT scans, to identify abnormalities and diagnose diseases.
Predictive analytics: AI can be used to analyze large datasets of medical information to identify patterns and trends that can help predict disease outbreaks and identify patients who may be at risk for certain conditions.
Health monitoring and management: AI-powered devices can be used to monitor patients’ vital signs and health metrics, allowing healthcare professionals to intervene early and prevent health complications.
-AI can increase crop yield and farming productivity, which can be particularly beneficial in areas where farmland is a significant source of revenue and food.
AI can increase crop yield and farming productivity by utilizing advanced algorithms and data analytics to optimize various aspects of farming, such as irrigation, crop health, soil quality, and weather patterns. Here are a few ways AI can be used to improve farming productivity:
Precision Farming: AI can analyze data from sensors and drones to monitor soil moisture, temperature, nutrient levels, and other factors that impact crop health. This data can be used to create maps that farmers can use to plan planting, irrigation, and fertilization schedules, leading to better yields and reduced waste.
Crop Monitoring: AI-powered image recognition algorithms can analyze satellite and drone imagery to detect patterns in plant growth and predict yield. This information can be used to optimize planting density, fertilization schedules, and harvesting times.
Pest and Disease Management: AI can help farmers to detect and respond to pest and disease outbreaks quickly. By analyzing weather patterns and plant health data, AI can predict where and when pests and diseases are likely to occur, enabling farmers to take preventive measures.
Harvesting Optimization: AI can help farmers to optimize their harvesting processes by analyzing crop maturity and predicting the ideal time to harvest. This can help reduce crop waste and increase efficiency.
-Fostering economic growth: By promoting invention, raising output, and enhancing efficiency, AI-powered technologies can assist in the development of new companies and employment in impoverished nations.
Artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled technologies can promote economic development in a number of ways, including:
Promoting invention: AI can assist in locating market gaps and places in which ingenuity is required. AI can assist company owners in discovering new market possibilities and creating goods and services that satisfy consumer demands by analyzing vast amounts of data.
Increasing Output: By automating repetitive or time-consuming duties, AI frees up employees to concentrate on more imaginative and productive tasks. By boosting productivity and efficiency, companies may be able to generate more income and experience development.
Increasing Efficiency: AI can assist companies in streamlining their processes by examining data and identifying areas for development. As a result, companies may be able to cut expenses, enhance customer support, and simplify procedures.
Creating New employment: AI has the ability to both eliminate employment and generate new ones, which raises more questions than it answers. As more companies use AI-powered technologies, new professions like data researchers, AI developers, and automation programmers will become more prevalent.
The adoption of AI-powered technologies may contribute to economic development in underdeveloped countries by opening up new avenues for creativity and jobs. Governments and companies in these countries can place themselves at the cutting edge of technology development and draw in new investment and talent by investing in AI research and development. Additionally, companies in underdeveloped countries can boost their competitiveness in international marketplaces by using AI to optimize their operations, promoting economic growth and development.
-AI can be used to create intelligent transportation systems, such as self-driving vehicles and drones, which can help increase the accessibility and efficiency of transit in underdeveloped regions.
In order to improve the usability and effectiveness of transit in developing areas, AI can be used to build intelligent transportation systems.
Self-Driving Cars: People in rural and undeveloped areas can travel safely and effectively thanks to AI-powered self-driving cars. These cars have the ability to work without a driver, making them especially practical in places where there is a lack of qualified drivers.
Drones: In remote and underdeveloped areas, products and medicinal materials can be transported using AI-powered drones. Delivering supplies to places that are inaccessible by car, drones are able to travel over challenging topography.
Intelligent Traffic Management: AI can be used to improve traffic movement and lessen congestion, especially in metropolitan regions. Real-time traffic pattern analysis is possible with AI-powered traffic control systems, which can then change road signs and traffic lights to better traffic flow.
Public transit: AI can be used to increase the effectiveness of public transportation networks, making them more accessible and dependable. AI-powered systems can forecast demand, improve routes, and cut wait periods, making public transit a more appealing choice for people in underdeveloped areas. Underdeveloped areas can gain better access to transportation, which can boost their economies and enhance their quality of life. This is made possible by using AI to design clever transportation systems. The carbon impact of transit in these areas can also be decreased by making these systems more ecologically responsible and sustainable.
-Environmental issues can have a substantial effect on the income and well-being of people in underdeveloped nations, including climate change, deforestation, and wildlife protection. AI can be used to handle these issues.
Machine learning algorithms, for instance, can be used to forecast and ameliorate the impacts of climate change, for example, by increasing agricultural yields or identifying the likelihood of natural catastrophes.
AI can be used to track and stop animal and deforestation theft. In order to safeguard areas at risk of deforestation or unlawful logging, for instance, areas at risk can be identified using satellite images and machine learning algorithms. Similarly to this, AI-powered drones can be used to track and discourage thieves, protect threatened species, and preserve natural ecosystems.
-Aid and disaster relief: By locating regions in need of help, distributing resources, and coordinating relief efforts, AI technologies can be used to provide aid and disaster relief in developing nations.
AI technologies can be applied in a variety of ways to help and catastrophe relief in developing countries:
AI-powered early warning systems can aid in the prediction of natural catastrophes like earthquakes, cyclones, and floods. These systems can warn residents of the affected areas, enabling them to flee and reduce harm.
Resource Allocation: AI can be used to distribute resources as efficiently as possible before, during, and after a catastrophe. AI-powered systems can distribute provisions like food, water, and medical equipment to the regions that need them the most by analyzing data like population density, infrastructure, and the disaster’s severity.
Search and Rescue: During and after a catastrophe, AI can help with search and rescue operations. People caught in rubble or other hazardous circumstances can be found and saved by AI-powered robots and drones.
AI can be used to organize rescue efforts by locating the regions that require the most assistance, monitoring the allocation of resources, and organizing the efforts of relief workers. Developing countries can gain from more effective and efficient assistance efforts by utilizing AI technologies in aid and catastrophe relief. This has the potential to save lives and lessen the effects of catastrophes. Additionally, AI can assist in prioritizing rescue efforts and identifying areas that require assistance, ensuring that resources are allocated to those locations.
A frequent concern we find in social media and journals are the fear of AI misuse. People of all income levels have the ability to create harmful AI apps. To create and implement AI applications on a bigger scale, wealthy and powerful people and groups, like tech firms and governments, may have better access to resources and knowledge. They may be more likely to direct the creation and application of AI technology as a result, which could increase the dangers. Wealthy people and groups may have a greater say in how AI research and development is conducted because they may be able to finance research or offer rewards for particular AI projects. This could result in the creation of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies that favor the interests of the wealthy or influential, possibly at the cost of others. It’s essential to remember, though, that not just the wealthy and influential influence the creation and application of AI. People and organizations from all over the world, including researchers, business owners, and developers from all backgrounds, are working to develop AI, a technology that is rapidly evolving. As a result, it’s crucial to make sure that morally sound and accountable practices are incorporated into the creation and use of AI, and that all relevant parties are involved in determining its future.
Numerous detrimental effects, including the following, could result from the improper use of AI.
-Discrimination: AI systems have the potential to reinforce and exaggerate prejudices and forms of discrimination already present in society, especially in the employment, lending, and criminal justice systems. For some classes of individuals, this may lead to unfair and unequal treatment.
Artificial intelligence (AI) systems have the ability to amplify and strengthen biases and other forms of discrimination that already exist in society. This is due to the frequent use of big databases that may be biased or incomplete when training AI systems. In the job, banking, and criminal justice systems in particular, this may have unintended effects that result in unjust and unequal treatment.
An AI system that is used for employment, for instance, might be taught using past hiring data that contains prejudices against particular groups, like minorities or women. As a result, when assessing employment applicants, the AI system might unjustly prejudice these groups. Similar to how an AI system used in the criminal justice system might be trained using past crime statistics, which could result in an overrepresentation of certain populations.
In order to address these problems, it is crucial to thoroughly assess and keep track of the data used to train AI systems as well as to make sure that the AI systems are created in a manner that supports equity and fairness. This can be done using strategies like algorithmic openness, in which the decision-making process of an AI system is made transparent and comprehensible to stakeholders, and bias mitigation, in which algorithms are specifically created to combat known biases in the training data.
Additionally, it’s crucial to include a variety of viewpoints and partners in the creation and application of AI systems to prevent current biases and injustices from being exacerbated. These measures can be taken to create AI systems that support social justice, equality, and fairness.
-Job loss: The possible automation of many occupations by AI could result in substantial job losses and economic upheaval, especially for low-skilled employees.
There are several potential ways to assist employees who may be replaced by AI automation to reclaim their autonomy. One is to offer education programs that can assist them in acquiring new abilities and information in developing industries that are less likely to be mechanized. Governments and private companies can fund education and training initiatives aimed at assisting people in picking up new skills like computing, data analysis, or automation. It can also be beneficial to create jobs in new fields or areas that depend on creativity and skill from people. Governments and private groups can encourage entrepreneurship by giving people the tools and encouragement they need to launch their own companies. Putting in place regulations that aid employees in adjusting to economic changes is a possible alternative.
-Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to be misused for evil, including terrorist attacks, hacking, and disinformation campaigns that could have a catastrophic impact on both people and society.
One of the main worries is the possibility of AI being used for bad. Data leaks, identity theft, and other cybercrimes can be caused by the use of strong and advanced hacking tools that can penetrate even the most secure systems. Deepfake films and other types of misinformation can be produced using AI, which can be used to stoke unrest and influence public opinion. Terrorist groups may also use AI to automate assaults, create more advanced weaponry, and plot more successful operations. AI algorithms can also be used to recognize and target people or organizations who are more likely to become radicalized.
Strong security measures that can recognize and thwart AI-powered assaults must be developed in order to fight these risks. This includes funding cybercrime research, educating security staff on how to use AI tools efficiently, and creating AI programs that can identify and neutralize threats instantly.
Along with promoting media literacy and critical thinking, it is crucial to enlighten the public about the risks posed by false information and misinformation. Identifying and avoiding fake or misleading information can be made easier, which lowers the chance of social and political influence.
-AI systems have the potential to gather and evaluate enormous quantities of personal data, which could result in privacy and civil rights breaches.
Large amounts of personal data, including confidential information like biometric data, medical records, and online activity, can be gathered, processed, and analyzed by AI systems. Significant privacy violations and discrimination against specific categories of people could come from this. If such information ended up in the wrong hands, it might also be used for illegal activities like identity theft, deception, or even extortion. Additionally, ethnic profiling and other civil rights abuses, such as the invasion of personal freedoms, may result from the use of AI in monitoring and law enforcement. The gathering, storage, and use of personal data in AI systems must therefore be governed by strong ethical and regulatory structures.
-unintentional consequences: When AI systems are taught using inaccurate or prejudiced data, they may act in unanticipated ways that cause damage and unintentional consequences.
When AI systems are developed and taught using incomplete or prejudiced data, unintended repercussions can happen, which can result in unfair and damaging outcomes. Inaccurate results from face recognition systems, for instance, may result in erroneous arrests or verdicts if they were taught on biased datasets. Similarly to this, if artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms used in employment or financing are taught on biased data that represents past patterns of discrimination, they may perpetuate discrimination.
-Armed combat and human casualties could result from the creation of autonomous weapons systems, which can function without human involvement.
Concerns about the likelihood of military conflict and human fatalities have been raised by the creation and use of autonomous weapons systems. These systems, which don’t require human interaction to work, could break down or be abused maliciously, causing damage that wasn’t meant. Furthermore, because autonomous weaponry is operated by machines rather than people, there may be a dearth of accountability and responsibility for their actions. Additionally, there are moral and ethical issues with the use of automated weaponry because it calls into question the importance of human life and the place of technology in conflict.
In the end, AI has the potential to drastically alter both business and society in both positive and bad ways. It is essential that there are sufficient rules, public policies, and control systems that support equality and equitable sharing of the advantages of AI if society is to profit from it as a whole, rather than just a small group.
Mozambique’s main city, Maputo, is located on the country’s southeastern coast. The city has a particular identity that is shaped by its history, culture, and geography. Maputo’s vivid and colorful architecture may be one of the first things tourists notice. Many of the city’s buildings were built during the Portuguese colonial period and boast intricate detailing and vibrant hues. The city also benefits from several broad streets and green areas, which give it a spacious and peaceful vibe. Maputo’s vibrant street life is another charm.
The city’s streets are packed with merchants selling anything from fresh food to handicrafts, and the air is frequently filled with music and chatter. Maputo is also famous for its street cuisine, which ranges from grilled seafood to spicy samosas. People are friendly and I was surprised not to feel threatened by any situation.
At the same time, Maputo remains a city plagued by poverty and inequality. Several of its communities lack basic facilities like running water and electricity, and crime is a concern in some parts of the neighborhood. Restaurants are very expensive and locals can rarely frequent them, the most of clientele are foreigners, and ex-pats living and doing business there for several reasons. The city’s infrastructure is also frequently deficient, with poor road conditions outside the big center, and few public transportation choices, practically only available the “chapas” (also known as “my love” or “txopelas” are a common form of public transportation). Chapas are usually small, minibus-style vehicles that are used to transport passengers around cities and between towns and villages. Corruption at the highest levels of government is a plague. Despite the colonial era, followed by a bloody civil war, we realize that Mozambicans have still in front of them a long road to freedom.
But writing about Literature, nowadays canceled somehow by the ´cancel culture’, we may ask ourselves: can Literature help free society from the bondage imposed by a favored class that took the government into their own hands to serve only their interest for money and power?
Literature has the potential to promote freedom and inspire social change. Literature may raise awareness about social and political concerns, challenge prevailing narratives, and offer alternative viewpoints and answers using storytelling. Literature may assist in the liberation of individuals in a variety of ways. For example, it can:
Empower marginalized groups: Literature may bring a voice to people who are frequently muted or ignored in popular debate, and it can aid in the empowerment of individuals and communities fighting for their rights and freedoms.
Oppression may be uncovered and resisted with literature, which can contribute to encouraging critical thinking and resistance among readers.
Promote empathy and understanding: By giving insights into diverse cultures, experiences, and viewpoints, literature may help to break down preconceptions and prejudices, as well as foster empathy and understanding among readers.
Inspire readers to take action and engage in social change by providing examples of individuals and communities who have struggled for their independence and rights.
So, everywhere, but particularly in Africa, literature is a distinct and varied collection of tools that have been shaped by the country’s history, culture, and politics and it may help freedom find its natural way. Mozambican literature has certain parallels with other African literature, but it also has its own particular style, ideas, and subject matter. The emphasis on social and political critique is one of the most noticeable elements of Mozambique literature. there, several writers have used their prose and poetry to speak out against colonialism, racism, and injustice, as well as to promote social justice and equality. Several other African writers, who have used their art as a vehicle for political change and social development, share this emphasis on political engagement and activity.
But all the while, Mozambique literature is differentiated by its own cultural influences, the country’s long history of Portuguese colonialism, and its closeness to other well-developed African nations, such as South Africa. Those sets of characteristics helped broaden a dynamic literary legacy that reflects a wide range of cultural influences. The numerous distinct types, genres, and forms of writing that have emerged from Mozambique, including poetry, prose, theatre, and oral storytelling, reflect this heterogeneity and their capacity to enrich the universal literature.
Anyway, Mozambican literature, in comparison to other African literature, is likewise more concerned with issues of identity and belonging. Several Mozambique writers have addressed issues of national identity, race, and ethnicity, as well as the cultural and historical causes that produced these identities, and investigated the country’s unique history of colonization, migration, and cultural exchange to reflect this concern on identity.
Following are some of Mozambique’s most well-known writers, both past and present:
Anibal Aleluia (1926-1993) was a Mozambique writer, journalist, and political activist who lived during the Portuguese colonial period. He was a member of the Mozambican National Liberation Front (FRELIMO), the political party that spearheaded Mozambique’s independence movement, and was imprisoned by Portuguese authorities for his political activity. Aleluia was also an accomplished writer, best known for his 1969 book “O Grande Acontecimento” (“The Big Event”). The tale follows a group of Mozambique peasants as they battle against the persecution of Portuguese colonial rulers. Aleluia’s writing is distinguished by its political involvement and concern for the realities of ordinary Mozambicans.
João Dias (1926-1949): João Bernardo Dias was sent to the University of Coimbra by his father, Estacio João Bernardo Dias, a native of Inhambane. He dropped out of the course and moved to Lisbon. He never had any books published in his life. He is the creator of storytelling in Mozambique, and it was only in 1952 that “Godido and Other Tales” was published.
Mia Couto: Mia Couto is a prominent writer from Mozambique renowned for his poetic, inventive approach. He is the author of a number of award-winning novels, including “Terra Sonâmbula” (“Sleepwalking Land”), “O Último Voo do Flamingo” (“The Final Flight of the Flamingo”), and “A Varanda do Frangipani” (“The Flowering Land”) (“The Tuner of Silences”).
“Canto da Perdiz” is a Perdiz song (“The Merry Song of the Partridge”).
Luis Bernardo Honwana: is well-known for his short stories about race, identity, and colonialism. His storybook “Nós Matámos o Cão Tinhoso” (“We Killed Mangy-Dog and Other Mozambique Tales”) is regarded as a masterpiece of African literature.
Lucília Momplé: is a Mozambique writer and journalist who has published both fiction and nonfiction. Her novels include Ninguém matou Suhura. Maputo, Associação dos Escritores Moçambicanos, 1988, Colecção Karingana, n.º 7, Cinco contos baseados em factos verídicos da época colonial, Neighbours. Maputo, Associação dos Escritores Moçambicanos, 1995. 2.ª ed., 1999. Colecção Karingana, n.º 16, Os olhos da cobra verde. Maputo, Associação dos Escritores Moçambicanos, 1997. Colecção Karingana, n.º 18
Ungulani Ba Ka Khosa is a Mozambique scholar and writer. He was born in the Mozambican district of Gaza in 1957 and grew up during the country’s independence war from Portugal. He has worked as a journalist, a university lecturer, and a public servant after studying in Mozambique and Portugal. Ba Ka Khosa is well-known for his work on Mozambique’s history, culture, and social concerns. His works frequently deal with identity, memory, and the legacy of colonialism and conflict. He’s authored novels, short tales, and poems, and his work has been translated into a number of languages. Among his significant works is the book “Ualalapi,” which received the Mozambique Novel Grand Prize in 1987 and has been translated into English, French, and Italian. The novel depicts the 19th-century kingdom of Gaza and its rulers’ attempts to retain power and autonomy in the face of Portuguese colonization. He also wrote the novel “Os Sobreviventes da Noite” (“The Survivors of the Night”), which examines Mozambicans’ experiences throughout the country’s civil conflict.
Lucílio Manjate is a journalist and writer from Mozambique. He was born in Mozambique’s Gaza region in 1972 and began his career as a journalist before switching to fiction writing. He has authored novels, short tales, and children’s books, and his works have been translated into various languages. Manjate’s writing covers ordinary Mozambicans’ lives and frequently discusses problems like poverty, social injustice, and the impact of conflict and violence on individuals and communities. Some of his works are: Esperança e Certeza (2008), Era uma vez… (2009) e, mais recentemente, Antologia inédita – Outras vozes de Moçambique (2014). O seu romance Rabhia recebeu o Prémio Costley-White em 2017. A triste História de Barcolino, o homem que não sabia morrer. He published Geração XXI, an anthology about recent Mozambican literature.
Noémia de Sousa: Noémia de Sousa was a poet and journalist who was born in Mozambique in 1926 and is regarded as one of the forefathers of modern African writing. She was Mozambique’s first black female journalist, and she leveraged her prose to examine subjects such as race, identity, and the country’s quest for independence from Portugal. These are a few examples of her significant works: “Sangue Negro” (“Black Blood”) – One of Noémia de Sousa’s best-known works, it is widely regarded as a foundational piece of African poetry. It delves into topics of identity, resistance, and the colonial legacy in Mozambique.
Calane da Silva (1939-1986) was a writer, poet, and journalist from Mozambique. He was a pioneer of Mozambican literature in the 1960s and 1970s. For many years, he worked as a journalist, especially for the Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO) during the country’s independence war. In Mozambique, he published poetry, fiction, and essays, and his works frequently addressed topics of identity, culture, and politics.
Henning Mankell (1948-2015) was a Swedish writer and dramatist best known for his detective Kurt Wallander series. He did, however, have a connection to Mozambique and composed numerous works set there. Mankell initially visited Mozambique in the early 1970s, and he subsequently returned to the nation in the 1980s to reside for several years. During this period, he was a director at Maputo’s Teatro Avenida, where he worked with local artists to develop plays that addressed social and political themes. Some of Mankell’s writings were inspired by his experiences in Mozambique, notably the novel “Comédia Infantil”, which portrays the narrative of a young boy seeking his mother in a war-torn African nation that is thought to be Mozambique. Mankell was an activist who was active in a variety of political issues, including support for the African National Party in South Africa and resistance to Israel’s occupation of Palestine. He died in 2015, at the age of 67.
Eduardo White (1963-2014) was a writer, poet, and journalist from Mozambique. He was born in Maputo, Mozambique, and lived in exile for much of his life owing to political reasons. He resided in several countries, including Portugal, Spain, and South Africa. White’s writing career began as a poet, with the publications: Amar sobre o Índico (1984), Poemas da Ciência de Voar e da Engenharia de Ser Ave (Caminho, 1992), Janela para Oriente (Caminho, 1999) ou O Manual das Mãos (Campo das Letras, 2004).
Marcelino dos Santos (1929-2021) was a Mozambique poet, writer, and politician who was instrumental in the country’s liberation from Portuguese colonial authority. He was a founding member of FRELIMO, the political organization that led Mozambique’s independence campaign. Dos Santos was well-known for his poetry and political essays, which frequently addressed topics of social justice and emancipation notably “Canto do Amor Natural”.
José Craveirinha (1922-2003) was a poet, journalist, and political activist from Mozambique who is largely considered one of the country’s most prominent writers. He was raised in a mixed-race family in Maputo, then known as Lourenço Marques. Craveirinha’s poetry was heavily impacted by his experiences living under Portuguese colonization, and he frequently tackled issues of national identity, emancipation, and social justice in his writing. He founded the Mozambique Writers’ Association and worked as a journalist and editor for many newspapers. Craveirinha’s poetry initially appeared in the 1940s, and he went on to produce other poetry volumes during his career. His writing received widespread acclaim for its poetry, involvement with Mozambique’s socioeconomic and political problems, and use of the Portuguese language as an instrument of resistance. Craveirinha was a prominent political player in Mozambique’s independence war, in addition to his literary achievements. He was on the central committee of FRELIMO and strove to promote education and cultural development in the newly sovereign country.
Luis Carlos Patraquim (born 1953) is a poet, writer, and journalist from Mozambique who has been involved in the country’s literary scene since the 1970s. He was born in Mozambique’s Lourenço Marques (now Maputo) and studied in Portugal before returning to the nation in 1975, following the country’s independence from Portuguese colonial authority. Patraquim’s poetry frequently deals with subjects like love, loss, and the complexity of Mozambique culture. His work has been hailed for its rich imagery, melody, and attention to Portuguese subtleties. Over his career, Patraquim has received various literary honors. He still writes and publishes today, and his work is a significant part of Mozambique’s rich literary legacy.
ALDINO MUIANGA was born on May 1, 1950, in Lourenço Marques, now Maputo, Mozambique’s capital. He studied medicine at Eduardo Mondlane University and specialized in general surgery. He lectures medicine at the University of Pretoria in South Africa. His first official publication was the story “A Vingança de Macandza” in the magazine Tempo in 1986, under the pen name Khambira Khambiray.
Mozambique literature exemplifies the written word’s ability to inspire and improve society. It is a vital and significant component of the country’s cultural legacy, and it continues to impact how Mozambicans view themselves and how they can live in peace and prosperity in this world. Being born in Maputo has given me an unusual perspective on life, one that is deeply influenced by the colorful culture, history, and customs of the city. I Perhaps you have a deep connection to the city and its people and I am proud to be a part of its diversified and vibrant community. I also feel nostalgic or longing for the sights, sounds, and experiences of my youth in Maputo, as well as treasure my memories and links to the city.
REFS:
Cultural Change and Literary Expression in Mozambique, Russel Hamilton, Issue: A Journal of OpinionVol. 8, No. 1 (Spring, 1978), pp. 39-42
Revista Charrua-edição comemorativa dos 30 anos, Maputo, Moçambique, 2016. Contain works authored by Aníbal Aleluia and other significant Mozambicain writers.
Mozambique: on the written words, Margarida Calafate Ribeiro and Maria Paula Meneses, (eds.)Edições Afrontamento (2008)
One of the situations that I found most unfortunate is the playground, mental level, and theories sustaining in this century the political action, and, by contrast, the extraordinary evolution that occurred in mathematics, philosophy, science, and technology. While the political action, necessary to think about the ways our societies might evolve, is necessary, the ideas sustaining the political action are old, disputable, and needing a rational change of perspective. Otherwise, our societies will keep this permanent state of confusion, this permanent and perilous turmoil. No ideology will come in our salvation because there is none available, no rational idea fits on the matrix, the global system is a hostage in the devil’s well, at the hands of the same people for, who knows! very long time.
In the West, the famous book of Nikolau Machiavelli, The Prince, is the spiritual bible of any greedy politician. But Machiavelli was a good man, every friend of his had that same opinion, but, him, to survive and keep alive his wife and children had to commit writing advice to the princes while he witnesses all their unwise decisions and actions.
In 1502 Machiavelli married Marietta Corsini, who bore him four sons and two daughters. His grandson, Giovanni Ricci, is credited with saving many of Machiavelli’s letters and writings. Machiavelli, paradoxically, was a Republican and, in 1510, Machiavelli was a member of an active citizen militia (e.g., a body of citizens, who are not soldiers by career, called to duty in a national emergency) of the Florentine Republic, so much loved by Machiavelli.
Later, Machiavelli was arrested and imprisoned, with so much urgency about his capture. Documents on his arrest were recently discovered and it was clear that he was the public enemy number one in Florence at that particular moment.
He didn’t flee, and, on the same day as the proclamation was released, Machiavelli was detained, tortured, and placed under house arrest. At night, while his wife and children slept, he started writing his famous book The Prince, describing the art of political manipulation. The story goes that The Prince, somehow a mysterious title since the Medicis were bankers and not yet monarchs, was written in the vain hope of gaining favor and employment with the Medici. The truth is that there’s no evidence that they even read it. Why should they? Machiavelli died in poverty 14 years after his arrest.
But the main question is: how a republican as Machiavelli was, could have written such a devil work? After all, he based his thoughts on what he had learned from Julius Cesar and other despots, the major of them, Cesar Borgia that he observed during his military campaigns in the Italian Romagna. It was Borgia that he used as the model of how a prince should behave.
I strongly believe that Machiavelli wrote The Prince with poison, as the bible of the tyrans for the common citizen awareness.
Thanks to the invasive media and the mastering of the propaganda techniques perfection since WWII, this beautiful world and the potential life that the cosmos created in a cosmic apotheosis is permanently tainted of red and gray, permanently on the verge of another world or regional war.
The Prince is a seminal work, a would-be tyrant’s handbook with a lasting influence on political thought and culture. But the book was interpreted the wrong way. Machiavelli was telling us that we, citizens, need to realize that by trusting leaders too much and themselves too little, we create our political nightmares. Machiavelli wrote to a friend: “I’d like to teach them the way to hell,” he told a friend toward the end of his life, “so they can steer clear of it.”
Today, scholars realize that Machiavelli wrote his book with double-edged lines, he makes it clear why popular government is better than authoritarian rule.
I quote next the lucid text written by Erica Banners: “Nothing makes a new prince so esteemed as to carry on great enterprises and give rare examples of himself. In our times we have Ferdinand of Aragon. If you consider his actions, you will find them great and some of them extraordinary. He kept the minds of the barons of Castile preoccupied with war; so they did not perceive that he was acquiring reputation and power over them. Besides this, to undertake greater enterprises, always making use of religion, he turned to an act of pious cruelty, expelling the Marranos [forcibly converted Muslims and Jews] and purging them from his kingdom; nor could there be a more wretched example than this. And so he has always done and ordered great things, which have always kept the minds of his subjects in suspense and admiration and occupied with their outcome. And his actions have followed one upon another so that men never have time to work steadily against him.”
We live in a world of distractions where the common citizen has no influence, is at the mercy of the powerful, living in fakes democracies, permanently abused by distraction tactics. Can they ever bring states lasting security? Machiavelli’s answer is, no, they can’t. True political success needs a new class of different methodologies and long-range solutions to complex situations.
Alongside his lessons for citizens, he also has a message for new populist princes. Again, here, I cite the beautiful text by Erica Banners: “You might, he tells them, rise with ease to the top by using divide-and-rule tactics and other stock manipulations. People might believe your self-serving version of reality – the world of us-versus-a-thousand-predators – for a while. But in the daily grind of governing, harder realities bite. Then you’ll be tempted to show everyone who’s boss, and try to ascend from a civil order to an absolute one. But be warned: citizens who are used to being governed by laws and magistrates are not ready, in these emergencies, to obey a despot. And if you do steal their freedoms, they never forget them. “The memory of their old liberty cannot let them rest.” They’ll fight you down to the scorched and bloody earth. Oh, and don’t bother building walls to keep out foreigners. Poisonous inequalities, citizens who hate each other, government that lacks legitimacy: these are what make states vulnerable. Walls just advertise your failure to deal with them.”
Today, yet again, old and new democracies are fighting for their lives. Between his double-edged lines, Machiavelli makes it clear why the law-governed popular government is always better than an authoritarian rule: “A people who can do whatever it wants is unwise, but a prince who can do whatever he wants is crazy.” His life and words inspire us to become sharper readers of political danger signs, and ruthless warriors for our freedoms. The Prince had in mind their destruction, the tyrant’s destruction. Unfortunately, it is still the bible of the influential, and rich families, and their employees that together rule the world, the political parties, and politicians from right to left.
The Enlightenment and the progress of science that followed up with the idea of a universe governed by physical laws instead of divine providence contributed to nihilism. Nietzsche was an atheist but he realized that with killing God humankind was killing the opportunity of a better understanding of the world. Without a belief system, humans are jeopardizing their future, humans are at peril of despair and meaninglessness.
In The Gay Science he declares: “God is dead; but given the way of men, there may still be caves for thousands of years in which his shadow will be shown.” and in the Twilight of the Idols he asserts: “When one gives up the Christian faith, one pulls the right to Christian morality out from under one’s feet. This morality is by no means self-evident… Christianity is a system, a whole view of things thought out together. By breaking one main concept out of it, the faith in God, one breaks the whole.”
Amidst the killing of God, it appears nowadays that some suggest the killing of men, now replacing God in His importance. That’s why it comes with no surprise when Sir David Attenborough says :
“We are a plague on the Earth, […]. It’s coming home to roost over the next 50 years or so.” And the accompanying argument of the antropogenic climate change and the sin of overpopulation. Without a God to accuse, Man self-proclaimed to be the origin of numerous crucial events on Earth, the driver of his fate. Are these ideas sure, well based? Do they need continuous monitoring and suspicion?
Some specialists now questioned if our presumption of overpopulation might lead us to extinction (e.g., Refs.[2,3]). Other scientists do not bear the statement that CO2 is the main cause of global warming (why not the solar cycles?) [4]. But, to exorcise any chance of doubt, anything diverging from the new table of the law is criticized as fake news.
Like in a closed-loop, science is now marooned in the name of science. Science, which in substance is persistent uncertainty and experience to examine the ideas we make of the world, now signals the culmination of history. Is incompetent to cope with pandemics in an efficient and agile process. Men of science, despite having profoundly studied coronavirus, act alike ignorants confronting the uncertainty of the virus even after have studied its gain-of-function. The exclusive solution they have is medieval measures of the Moyen Age. Man, son of the universe, who knows, the solitary intelligent being so far detected among the myriads of astronomical bodies, that amongst permanent uncertainty cure disease, invent, and reimagine himself, is now sacrificed, condemned. How to protect him from himself?
Is out there in our history some logical process at work? Kurt Gödel, the famous mathematician assured certainly. According to him, the world is subject to large-scale “noncausal” laws. He penned: “There are structural laws in the world which can’t be explained causally.” “The world tends to deteriorate”. “Good things appear from time to time in single persons and events…but the general development tends to be negative”. Also, let’s remind related thoughts, this one from Simone Weil, “since [Christ’s] day there have been no very noticeable changes in men’s behavior” [5].
The modern historic time we all live in shows the insufficiency of a more in-depth comprehension of humanity, our bodies, and hearts, our souls, to rediscover who we are, rather than to attempt the simulacra of life obedient to the tables of laws ordained by men succeeding God.
When we dive a bit more on the working mechanisms of the State, government, and the Dark Net, a lot of new thoughts pop up in our minds. As it happened to me, so, I tried to make a sense of the stuff around us, I mean, the “Organization” where our short lives happen, take the stage, the “All” for the majority of us, since our lives are a sequence of work and consumption with one holiday at the Caribe for those who are lucky enough, some sex (one activity that tends to disappear or to be replaced by Facebook and sex-robots) and beers with some friends (if you’re popular enough). What we call “The State” is made of just the group of “average” persons, the medians, the workers (even if a good proportion is highly skilled and formed at Sorbonne or Cambridge), those who pay taxes and go to work for the State or the Corporation. This group of people sustains, feeds the “State”, the majority live in cities, uses the tramway, go to the local theatre and the pub-in-the-corner on their own car. Above and untouchable, are the fabulously rich, they live in their own ramparts, they are above the State (they are never arrested, they have the law by their side, and the well-paid lawyers). Below (this is a moral judgment, of course), in another rampart, live the criminals, I mean, not the average bunch of guys that go rob a bank and end arrested after a few weeks, or those amateurs criminals that open an off-shore account because some rich Nigerian guy is dying and wishes to donate his fortune to him/her in the Cayman Islands. I mean the tough and hidden criminals, the organized crime, the Russian Mafia (they control the Dark Net and it seems that they decide the US elections, and what else?) and alike (the “others”, those that are not arrested but die killed by the “others” in the brotherhood). Therefore, as the working mechanism is feed by the “State”, it is unlikely that ever the State will be diminished, like neoliberal theoreticians and proponents pretend to be necessary. By the contrary. So, modern society is just this, and despite the microscopic, unseen, complex mechanisms are hidden to us, observers, its macroscopic working is ridiculously simple and can be represented by the symbol below (Fig.1).
Fig.1-The symbol of our civilized Society in our marvelous civilizations.
In front of us lies the stage of life and we have to paint and arrange things to live, not necessarily with purpose. It is sad, to have not a good environment to evolve, to create, to think, and express ourselves in a myriad of forms a human being can transform as a product of his extraordinary capacities, making each individual unique (my cat surely think the same right now since she is calling me for some care). Vincent Van Gogh once said: “We spend our whole lives in unconscious exercise of the art of expressing our thoughts with the help of words.” He is an example of someone that wanted to live above the normal stage of life, that wants in striking colors, distorted shapes and primitive brush strokes, to unravel the secrets of life, to express life itself, not in words, but in mysterious pictures.
In general what I read about van Gogh is that he was demented but if we look at each story that intends to depicts him with psychiatric ailments, I see other things, I see van Gogh as a perturbed man, but because he wanted to live intensely at another level of existence, surrounded with lovely people that are hidden under the cover of a society based on reputation and achievements and competition.
As a side story, yesterday it happened something unusual. In my institute, I met by chance a funny and intelligent guy, a scientist from the Nord European hemisphere. And I said in front of my colleagues and with some release of the soul: “Finally, someone fun and intelligent!”. Indeed, nowadays it’s very unusual to meet interesting people, what we meet are people with positions, with the status that they keep as a secret weapon, not giving evidence of qualities wide open to anyone to see. Who wants to be normalized?
Sweden has the rape capital of Europe, some says, and women created a girls-only festival.Mixed reaction followed, with some men asking: “So all men have suddenly become rapists? All of you women who subscribe to this, do you also think your boyfriends, brothers, dads, and grandpas are also rapists? Maybe I shall add ‘rapist’ to my CV then.”
Follow more here: https://sputniknews.com/europe/201708031056141929-sweden-women-festival/
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